i finished one off my papers
here it is

enjoy
“Imagination plays too important a role in the writing of history, and what is imagination but the projection of the author's personality.” Pieter Geyl said which is entirely true looking at The Market Revolution by Charles sellers and What Hath God Wrought by Daniel Walker Howe shows that history and how we have interpreted history is largely based on the imaginations, beliefs, likes and dislikes of the authors that give us that history. All we can do in these cases is learn from the authors interoperations of that event or time period, analyze them, tell them if they make a strong or week case, how well do they support it, and if others agree with there analysis. Daniel Walker Howe’s interoperation of the 1815 to 1848 explains the events that go on by a communications revolution. Charles Sellers interruptions of the events that are unfolding during the same time period are due to a Market Revolution. In the analysis I have found sellers interruptions of the events of the 1815 to 1848 to have been stronger case then Daniel walker’s interpretation.
“By 1815, however a market revolution was surmounting the overland transportation barrier. While dissolving deeply rooted patterns of behavior and belief for competitive effort…. Establishing hegemony over economy, politics, and culture, the market revolution created ourselves and most of the world we know” this is Charles Sellers main interruption of why the events of 1815 to 1848 took place. This driving market would compete with the old way of yeomen sustaining themselves on farms would lead to 3 major questions about the early republic how democratic would it be, would the federal government have more control or would the states have more control and last how would the government promote economic growth. A seller argues these points where the driving force behind all of the political decisions that where made and also the social decision that were made.
Howe writes his thesis on what he calls the communication revolution, “Accordingly, I provide an alternative interpretation of the early nineteenth century as a time of a “communications revolution…During the thirty three years that began in 1815, there would be greater strides and the improvement of communications than had taken place in all previous centuries. This revolution, with its attendant political and economic consequences, would be driving force in the history of the era.” Howe views the advance of communication for the driving force during 1815 to 1848 not a market explanation. Howe also talks about the improvements of the technology at this time. He goes on and talks with out the increase in technology we would not have what we have today.
Seller’s argument in a big way comes from the growth and the build up of a transportation system all over the country form roads to canals the country was building more and more of them. He shows us how important these improvements were at this time. As the one of the first cannels completed the Erie Canal shows us how much canals could be used “completed in 1825 at a cost of some 7,000,000, the Grand Canal was an instant sensation. Tolls form the first year of full operation reached nearly 500,000, and soon paid off the entire cost of construction. More important, Clinton’s big ditch cut shipping costs between lake Erie and New York City form $100 to under $9 a ton and eventually as low as $3 for some commodities. Within a few years it carried $15,000,000 worth of freight annually, twice the amount reaching New Orleans by the Mississippi River, and the figure would near 200,000,000 by midcentury.”
The fact that they paid off the canal is impressive but the fact that shipping goods would cost only nine dollars a ton compared with before $100 dollars is impressive. And this alone would have a lot of affects on how people would farm, what they would grow and where you could live. These all changed overnight with the completion of the Erie Canal. With the success of the Erie Canal the nation went on a canal frenzying. The states would spend millions of dollars on building them. “State governments, furnished some $41.2 million of the 58.6 million spent on canals.” The states where helping to fuel a large transportation revolution. This Transportation revolution would in turn multiply the market revolution by creating the first large scale business ventures with privet money. “And only as private capital markets developed the capacity to underwrite extensive undertakings did private capital gradually supplant government financing. But the very possibility of assembling private capital for large-scale enterprises was created by state policies fostering the corporate form of business organization.” The government was helping to foster a positive market revolution. The fact that during this time period the market was expanding so much there is little doubt in sellers mind that a market revolution is taking place.
Communication is the driving growth factor in this time period. “Communications profoundly affected profoundly affected American business. For merchants eagerly awaiting word of crop prices and security fluctuation in European, the advantage of being one of the first to know such information was crucial. New Yorker benefited because so many ships came to their port first.” To Howe this was the reason that New York became the dominate commercial center in America not the canal that was built. Communication would foster economic growth not transportation growth. The transportation revolution that Sellers says is a key ingredient to the market revolution Howe says that communication was more of a push for better transportation then the market was. “Not only did improved transportation benefit communication, but the communication system helped improve transportation. Even without a central plan, the post office pushed for improvements in transportation facilities and patronized them financially when they came. The same stage coaches that carried passengers along the turnpikes also carried the mail,” So Howe explanation of the improved transportation and the economic growth comes down to the ability to communicate over greater faster then before.
Sellers will connect even the religious trends of the time are all related to the market revolution that was under way. The Second Great Awaking that took place in the United States had a lot do with the concept of God and building of capital. With older religions you found that the building of capital or worldly possessions where bad for the soul. However with the ability to trade with more people over greater distances one could generate more capital. this contradiction would lead to a revaluating there religion. “Unitarianism reshaped Christianity most fully to the market mentality…Amid commercial boom and nascent industrialization at the turn of the century; the most fashionable urban congregations were taken over by believer in enough rationality and prudential morality to win for themselves –if they tried-the salvation of earthy happiness.” The market would drive the second great awaking forward and spread in popularity.
Howe contends that the second great awakening was fueled not by the need to sync the new market to a new God more accepting of the new market. But the fuel for the flames of the great awaking would come form communication and the putting power in the common man. Communication was a large part of the Great Awaking it allowed for the religion to grow national not just regionally “The religious awakenings of the early nineteenth century marshaled powerful energies in an age when few other social agencies in the United States had the capacity to do so. Baird’s Evangelical United Front organized its voluntary association on a national, indeed international, level, at a time when little else in American society was organized, when there existed no nationwide business corporation …the four major evangelical denominations together employed twice as many people, occupied twice as many premises, and raised at least three times as much money as the Post Office.” The sheer number and money that could be raised would be enough to push religion in society and foster a great awaking.
“Jacksonians hailed the “Triumph of the Great Principle of self government over the intrigues of Aristocracy,” as ushering in a democratic Millennium.” This New era of Democracy that would take shape during this would take a one of the biggest experiments of the mass to control there country. They would challenge the rich and there control over the market. There fight would be with the second bank of America “The Bank war was the acid test of American Democracy. Never has farmer/ worker majority given a more radical mandate to a more indomitable President.” The majority did not trust banks and wanted to kill the bank. There leader would do that for them the Andrew Jackson. And when it came time for congress to renew its charter Andrew Jackson vetoed the bill and killed it. In Jackson’s veto response where three paragraphs where he confronted to congress the difference between the classes in America and how they are treated “The rich and powerful too often bend the acts of government to their selfish purposes,” This for the first time the class distinction was brought to the public attention and into the public mind. In the battle against the bank it would end very ironically sellers puts it “The Bank war came to the same ironic end as every insurgency against the market. Carrying patriarchal democracy to a historic peak by mobilizing the anti capitalist anger and egalitarian hopes of farmers and workers, it ended up strengthening the paper system it fought” just like most things that come to fight the market they ended up just strengthen the market. As Sellers puts it if you attack something as big as capitalism the people that want capitalism will often cling to it harder then before. Such as the backers of the bank they would continue to fight against hard money until after Andrew Jackson left office and Martin van Bourn had taken office during his administration the bankers would fight for soft money again.
Howe on the other hand puts the bank crisis in Howe’s mind has nothing to do with popular opinion and blames the attack on the bank as Jackson’s ego verses Biddle ego. He claims that the United states could not have both competing ideas in our nation both men had too different views of how there nation should act. “What is called “the bank War” came about through a clash between two forceful personalities, Andrew Jackson and Nicholas Biddle, President of the Second Bank of the United States. Once the conflict had been provoked, popular prejudices came into play and a dramatic conflict ensued.” Howe puts the blame on only two figures in history. Andrew Jackson distrusted banks especially the Second Bank of the United States. His reason was tied to the corruption of the bank itself with the practice of granting loans to congressmen and people of high political sway. “Probable the worst feature of the national bank was it practices of lending money to prominent politicians and editors.” Howe’s interpretation of the bank crises centers on one man that man would be Andrew Jackson. Unlike Seller he believes that the public would never have supported such a measure if it weren’t for Andrew Jacksons popularity “Martin Ban Buren himself believed that nothing but Jackson’s personal popularity could have carried the day against the widespread support for the bank. The Historian Robert Remini has summed it up well; “The killing of the BUS was primarily the work of one man, and that man was Andrew Jackson.”
Howe’s Thesis is communications and how it affects the decisions that where made during the 1815 to 1848 his arguments are compelling however he lacks the ability to counter seller’s views fully. Howe’s thesis is very loosely supported in his book. There are numerous occasions when he does not talk about his thesis’ at all. Or tell how communications changed the political, economic or social aspects of the people at this time. In Howe chapter “The World that Cotton made” he talks about the economical and social changes that occurred because of the cotton boom. However he lacks the ability to tie in his thesis. “U.S. cotton production soared from seventy-three thousand bales in 1800 to ten times that in 1820- the year the United States surpassed India, long the leading cotton producer Cotton, fueling an expansion of transatlantic industrial capitalism, enormously enhanced the importance of the United States in the World economy.” Howe does not do a good job in this chapter telling how communications was important to this time period though cotton or how cotton was related to communications. In this chapter Howe seems to be supporting Sellers thesis more than his own. Howe goes into a lot of detail into events that take place from small to big Howe spends more time on each particle point offering a lot of facts and less summary and interoperation. Daniel Walker Howe still uses interpretations but he does us a lot of very facts on a specific event or action taking place.
The issue that faces me the most with Howe is lack of backing up his thesis with facts. Howe does this in his chapters “overthrowing the tyranny of distance,” and “Texas, Tyler, and the telegraph.” For his thesis the telegraph would be a very large invention and it would sway the reader to his side if it was not all the way on page 677 of an 800 page book. He seems to go too much into detail and forget that he is arguing a point. The fact that the telegraph came in to this time period so late shows that there was not a “communication revolution” happening at this time. From reading about this time period even in Howe books the larger issue facing society at this time is not communication by a market revolution that is happening.
Sellers Follows his thesis very closely and never strays to far from it. Even at the one point in the book a person would think Sellers would have the hardest time relating it back to the market Revolution he does that part of his book is God and mammon. The second Great awaking Sellers does a very good job at making a case that it was driven by market forces. Howe’s argument seems to be stronger however Sellers argument is well put together and makes you stop and rethink how you view the second great awaking in American history. This argument along with the rest of his arguments, that are supported by facts, hold up stronger then Howe’s arguments and interruption of the facts. “This mainline American religion of the future was shaped by mainline congregational clerics in lower New England, where traditional culture was hardest pressed by market stress, agrarian crisis, an the dawning industrial revolution. The Awaking had demonstrated from the start Christianity’s protean adaptability to divergent needs.” Sellers is not like Howe where he tells you a lot of details, Sellers use more summaries to give you his broad interpretation of the events that take place. And uses less detail while describing events this leads to a broader view of this time period.
Throughout each book Charles Sellers and Daniel Walker Howe you see the same event however each author see’s that event happening for a different reason. Each reason is then presented with facts to support it and make it sound logically. Who is right then? In all honesty they are both right and they are both wrong to some degree. Is Sellers completely right no is Howe completely right obviously not. They both bring a different perspective to each issue. To better understand that issue we must exam it from all sides. Will historians ever no why something completely happened? The answer to that is not unless some one invents a time machine.