tzor wrote:But this proof did not prove atoms cannot exist (as they obviously did) only that they cannot exist as understood at the time. (Quantum mechanics has electrons statically existing in an uncertain location around the nucleus; thus they technically do not “orbit.”) In religion, like physics, the invalidation of proof leads to not knowing, not in proof of non existence.
This is a false analogy. In physics, the only thing we
know is what we can measure. We cannot measure the location of an electron in such a way that we could prove the Schrodinger equation to be absolutely correct (although this is an effect of the uncertainty principle). Thus we do not
know now, any more than we did in 1924, how an electron orbits a nucleus. All we know is that the Schrodinger equation makes predictions that have thus far not been violated, at least so far as classical quantum mechanics is concerned. This does not mean we know things that which have not been observed - there could be some other theory which makes all the predictions the SE makes, but with different implications for experiments we have not done yet.
The series of events that led to the formulation of quantum mechanics was principally based on experiments, not on theory (after all, if you look at the events of 1925-26, you see how
ad hoc the mathematical formulation was). Our theories may have been wrong, but that had nothing to do with the amount of knowledge we had about the universe.